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The Shroud of Turin or Turin Shroud ((イタリア語:Sindone di Torino)) is a length of linen cloth bearing the image of a man that is believed by some Christians to be the burial shroud of Jesus of Nazareth. Radiocarbon dating has dated it to the Medieval period. The shroud is kept in the royal chapel of the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, northern Italy. The image is much clearer in black-and-white negative than in its natural sepia color. The negative image was first observed in 1898 on the reverse photographic plate of amateur photographer Secondo Pia, who was allowed to photograph it while it was being exhibited in the Turin Cathedral. The origins of the shroud and its images are the subject of intense debate among theologians, historians and researchers. Scientific and popular publications have presented diverse arguments for both authenticity and possible methods of forgery. A variety of scientific theories regarding the shroud have since been proposed, based on disciplines ranging from chemistry to biology and medical forensics to optical image analysis. The Shroud of Turin is respected by Christians of several traditions, including Baptists, Catholics, Lutherans, Methodists, Orthodox, Pentecostals, and Presbyterians. The Catholic Church has neither formally endorsed nor rejected the shroud, but in 1958 Pope Pius XII approved of the image in association with the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus.〔Joan Carroll Cruz, ''Saintly Men of Modern Times'', Our Sunday Visitor, 2003, ISBN 1-931709-77-7, page 200.〕 More recently, Pope Francis and his predecessor Pope Benedict XVI have both described the Shroud of Turin as "an icon"〔(Pope Francis and the Shroud of Turin )〕 and Pope John Paul II called the Shroud "a mirror of the Gospel".〔Pastoral Visit of His Holiness John Paul II to Vercelli and Turin, Italy, 23–24 May 1998 ()〕 In 1988 a radiocarbon dating test was performed on small samples of the shroud. The laboratories at the University of Oxford, the University of Arizona, and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology concurred that the samples they tested dated from the Middle Ages, between 1260 and 1390. The validity and the interpretation of the 1988 tests are still contested by some statisticians, chemists and historians.〔R.N Rogers, "Studies on the Radiocarbon Sample from the Shroud of Turin", ''Thermochimica Acta'', Vol. 425, 2005, pp. 189–194, (article ); S. Benford, J. Marino, "Discrepancies in the radiocarbon dating area of the Turin shroud", ''Chemistry Today'', vol 26 n 4 / July–August 2008, p. 4-12, (article );Emmanuel Poulle, ″Les sources de l'histoire du linceul de Turin. Revue critique″, ''Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique'', 2009/3-4, (Abstract ); G. Fanti, F. Crosilla, M. Riani, A.C. Atkinson, ("A Robust statistical analysis of the 1988 Turin Shroud radiocarbon analysis" ) ''Proceedings of the IWSAI'', ENEA, 2010.〕 According to professor Christopher Ramsey of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit in 2011, "There are various hypotheses as to why the dates might not be correct, but none of them stack up."〔(''The Turin Shroud is fake. Get over it'' ) Tom Chivers in the Daily Telegraph 20 December 2011〕 According to former ''Nature'' editor Philip Ball, "it's fair to say that, despite the seemingly definitive tests in 1988, the status of the Shroud of Turin is murkier than ever. Not least, the nature of the image and how it was fixed on the cloth remain deeply puzzling". The shroud continues to be one of the most studied and controversial objects in human history.〔According to LLoyd A. Currie, it is "widely accepted" that "the Shroud of Turin is the single most studied artifact in human history" in Lloyd A. Currie, ("The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating ) ''Journal of the National Institute of Standards and Technology'' 109, 2004, p. 200.〕〔W. Meacham, "The Authentication of the Turin Shroud, An Issue in Archeological Epistemology", ''Current Anthropology'', 24, 3, 1983 ( Article )〕〔G.R. Habermas, 'Shroud of Turin' in G.T. Kurian (ed.), "The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization", Wiley-Blackwell, 2011, p. 2161.〕 ==Description== The shroud is rectangular, measuring approximately 4.4 × 1.1 m (14.3 × 3.7 ft). The cloth is woven in a three-to-one herringbone twill composed of flax fibrils. Its most distinctive characteristic is the faint, brownish image of a front and back view of a naked man with his hands folded across his groin. The two views are aligned along the midplane of the body and point in opposite directions. The front and back views of the head nearly meet at the middle of the cloth. Reddish brown stains are found on the cloth, showing various wounds that, according to proponents, correlate with the yellowish image, the pathophysiology of crucifixion, and the Biblical description of the death of Jesus. Markings on the cloth have been interpreted as follows: * one wrist bears a large, round wound, apparently from piercing (the second wrist is hidden by the folding of the hands) * upward gouge in the side penetrating into the thoracic cavity. * small punctures around the forehead and scalp * scores of linear wounds on the torso and legs. * swelling of the face * streams of blood down both arms The details of the image on the shroud are not easily distinguishable by the naked eye, and were first observed after the advent of photography. In May 1898 amateur Italian photographer Secondo Pia was allowed to photograph the shroud and he took the first photograph of the shroud on the evening of 28 May 1898. Pia was startled by the visible image of the negative plate in his darkroom. Negatives of the image give the appearance of a positive image, which implies that the shroud image is itself effectively a negative of some kind.〔 Pia was at first accused of doctoring his photographs, but was vindicated in 1931 when a professional photographer, Giuseppe Enrie, also photographed the shroud and his findings supported Pia's. In 1978 Miller and Pellicori took ultraviolet photographs of the shroud. The image of the "Man of the Shroud" has a beard, moustache, and shoulder-length hair parted in the middle. He is muscular and tall (various experts have measured him as from 1.70 m, or roughly 5 ft 7 in, to 1.88 m, or 6 ft 2 in).〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=How Tall is the Man on the Shroud? )〕 The shroud was damaged in a fire in 1532 in the chapel in Chambery, France. There are some burn holes and scorched areas down both sides of the linen, caused by contact with molten silver during the fire that burned through it in places while it was folded. Fourteen large triangular patches and eight smaller ones were sewn onto the cloth by Poor Clare nuns to repair the damage. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Shroud of Turin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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